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<PRE>
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                            &lt;td width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Cisco CCNA 
                              &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
                            &lt;td width=&quot;52%&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;printable.htm&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;/images/printable.gif&quot; width=&quot;56&quot; height=&quot;59&quot; border=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
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                      &lt;td height=&quot;91&quot;&gt; 
                        &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot; size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
                          OSI Reference / Network Protocols&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;table width=&quot;95%&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
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                                  &lt;td width=&quot;59%&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Application&lt;/b&gt; 
                                    &#8211; The application layer provides services 
                                    directly to applications. The functions of 
                                    the application layer can include identifying 
                                    communication partners, determining resource 
                                    availability, and synchronizing communication 
                                    . Some examples of application layer implementations 
                                    include TCP/IP and OSI applications such as 
                                    Telnet, FTP, and SMTP, File Transfer, Access, 
                                    and Management (FTAM), Virtual Terminal Protocol 
                                    (VTP), and Common Management Information Protocol 
                                    (CMIP). &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
                                  &lt;td width=&quot;41%&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;/images/cramsession/ccna_osi.gif&quot; width=&quot;163&quot; height=&quot;192&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
                                &lt;/tr&gt;
                              &lt;/table&gt;
                            &lt;/td&gt;
                          &lt;/tr&gt;
                          &lt;tr&gt;
                            &lt;td&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Presentation&lt;/b&gt; &#8211;The presentation 
                              layer provides a variety of coding and conversion 
                              functions that are applied to application layer 
                              data. These functions ensure that information sent 
                              from the application layer of one system will be 
                              readable by the application layer of another system. 
                              Examples of presentation layer coding and conversion 
                              schemes include ASCII, EBCDIC, JPEG, GIF, TIFF, 
                              MPEG, QuickTime, various encryption methods, and 
                              other similar coding formats. &lt;br&gt;
                              &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
                          &lt;/tr&gt;
                          &lt;tr&gt;
                            &lt;td&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Session&lt;/b&gt; &#8211;The session layer 
                              establishes, manages, maintains, and terminates 
                              communication sessions between applications. Communication 
                              sessions consist of service requests and service 
                              responses that occur between applications located 
                              in different network devices. Some examples of session 
                              layer implementations include Remote Procedure Call 
                              (RPC), Zone Information Protocol (ZIP), and Session 
                              Control Protocol (SCP).&lt;br&gt;
                              &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
                          &lt;/tr&gt;
                          &lt;tr&gt;
                            &lt;td&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Transport&lt;/b&gt; &#8211; The transport 
                              layer segments and reassembles data into data streams. 
                              It is also responsible for both reliable and unreliable 
                              end-to-end data transmission. Transport layer functions 
                              typically include flow control, multiplexing, virtual 
                              circuit management, and error checking and recovery. 
                              Some examples of transport layer implementations 
                              include Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), Name 
                              Binding Protocol (NBP), and OSI transport protocols. 
                              &lt;br&gt;
                              &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
                          &lt;/tr&gt;
                          &lt;tr&gt;
                            &lt;td&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Network&lt;/b&gt; &#8211;The network layer 
                              uses logical addressing to provide routing and related 
                              functions that allow multiple data links to be combined 
                              into an internetwork. The network layer supports 
                              both connection-oriented and connectionless service 
                              from higher-layer protocols. Network layer protocols 
                              are typically routing protocols. However, other 
                              types of protocols, such as the Internet Protocol 
                              (IP), are implemented at the network layer as well. 
                              Routers reside here at the network layer. Some common 
                              routing protocols include Border Gateway Protocol 
                              (BGP), Open Shortest Path First (OSPF), and Routing 
                              Information Protocol (RIP). Packets and datagrams 
                              are sent across this layer of the OSI model.&lt;br&gt;
                              &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
                          &lt;/tr&gt;
                          &lt;tr&gt;
                            &lt;td&gt; 
                              &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Data Link&lt;/b&gt; &#8211; The data link 
                                layer provides reliable transmission of data across 
                                a physical medium. The data link layer specifies 
                                different network and protocol characteristics, 
                                including physical addressing, network topology, 
                                error notification, sequencing of frames, and 
                                flow control. The Data link layer is composed 
                                of two sublayers known as the Media Access Control 
                                (MAC) Layer and the Logical Link Control (LLC) 
                                layer.&lt;br&gt;
                                This can be seen in the following diagram:&lt;br&gt;
                                &lt;img src=&quot;/images/cramsession/ccna_osi2.gif&quot; width=&quot;204&quot; height=&quot;134&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; hspace=&quot;5&quot; vspace=&quot;5&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                              &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;The LLC sublayer manages communications 
                                between devices over a single link of a network. 
                                LLC supports both connectionless and connection-oriented 
                                services used by higher-layer protocols. The MAC 
                                sublayer manages protocol access to the physical 
                                network medium. The IEEE MAC specification defines 
                                MAC addresses, which allow multiple devices to 
                                uniquely identify one another at the data link 
                                layer. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                              &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Data link layer implementations 
                                can be categorized as either LAN or WAN specifications. 
                                The most common LAN data link layer implementations 
                                include Ethernet/IEEE 802.3, Fast Ethernet, FDDI, 
                                and Token Ring/IEEE 802.5. The most common WAN 
                                data link layer implementations include Frame 
                                Relay, Link Access Procedure, Balanced (LAPB), 
                                Synchronous Data Link Control (SDLC), Point-to-Point 
                                Protocol (PPP), and SMDS Interface Protocol (SIP). 
                                &lt;br&gt;
                                &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                              &lt;/td&gt;
                          &lt;/tr&gt;
                          &lt;tr&gt;
                            &lt;td&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Physical&lt;/b&gt; &#8211; The physical 
                              layer defines the electrical, mechanical, procedural, 
                              and functional specifications for activating, maintaining, 
                              and deactivating the physical link between communicating 
                              network systems. &lt;br&gt;
                              Physical layer specifications define such characteristics 
                              as voltage levels, timing of voltage changes, physical 
                              data rates, maximum transmission distances, and 
                              the physical connectors to be used. Physical layer 
                              implementations can be categorized as either LAN 
                              or WAN specifications. Some common LAN physical 
                              layer implementations include Ethernet/IEEE 802.3, 
                              Fast Ethernet, FDDI, and Token Ring/IEEE 802.5.Some 
                              common WAN physical layer implementations include 
                              High-Speed Serial Interface (HSSI), SMDS Interface 
                              Protocol (SIP), and X.21bis. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
                          &lt;/tr&gt;
                        &lt;/table&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Steps of Data Encapsulation&lt;/b&gt;:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;ol&gt;
                          &lt;li&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;User information is converted to 
                            &lt;i&gt;data&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
                          &lt;li&gt; &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Data&lt;/i&gt; converted to &lt;i&gt;segments&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
                          &lt;li&gt; &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Segments&lt;/i&gt; converted to &lt;i&gt;packets&lt;/i&gt; 
                            or &lt;i&gt;datagrams&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
                          &lt;li&gt; &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Packets&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;datagrams&lt;/i&gt; 
                            are converted to &lt;i&gt;frames&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
                          &lt;li&gt; &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Frames&lt;/i&gt; are converted to &lt;i&gt;bits&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
                        &lt;/ol&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Data link addresses&lt;/b&gt;: Physical 
                          address. Flat addressing scheme, physical address burned 
                          into network card (MAC address)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Network address&lt;/b&gt;: Logical address. 
                          IP or IPX &#8211; hierarchical scheme, assigned to a machine 
                          manually or dynamically.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;IP Address Classes:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;table border cellspacing=1 cellpadding=7 width=457&gt;
                          &lt;tr&gt;
                            &lt;td width=&quot;13%&quot; valign=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt; 
                              &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Class A&lt;/font&gt;
                            &lt;/td&gt;
                            &lt;td width=&quot;29%&quot; valign=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt; 
                              &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Net.Node.Node.Node&lt;/font&gt;
                            &lt;/td&gt;
                            &lt;td width=&quot;8%&quot; valign=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt; 
                              &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;0&lt;/font&gt;
                            &lt;/td&gt;
                            &lt;td width=&quot;16%&quot; valign=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt; 
                              &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;1 &#8211; 127&lt;/font&gt;
                            &lt;/td&gt;
                            &lt;td width=&quot;34%&quot; valign=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt; 
                              &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;127 networks, 16M nodes&lt;/font&gt;
                            &lt;/td&gt;
                          &lt;/tr&gt;
                          &lt;tr&gt;
                            &lt;td width=&quot;13%&quot; valign=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt; 
                              &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Class B&lt;/font&gt;
                            &lt;/td&gt;
                            &lt;td width=&quot;29%&quot; valign=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt; 
                              &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Net.Net.Node.Node&lt;/font&gt;
                            &lt;/td&gt;
                            &lt;td width=&quot;8%&quot; valign=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt; 
                              &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;10&lt;/font&gt;
                            &lt;/td&gt;
                            &lt;td width=&quot;16%&quot; valign=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt; 
                              &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;128 &#8211; 191&lt;/font&gt;
                            &lt;/td&gt;
                            &lt;td width=&quot;34%&quot; valign=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt; 
                              &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;16K networks 65K nodes&lt;/font&gt;
                            &lt;/td&gt;
                          &lt;/tr&gt;
                          &lt;tr&gt;
                            &lt;td width=&quot;13%&quot; valign=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt; 
                              &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Class C&lt;/font&gt;
                            &lt;/td&gt;
                            &lt;td width=&quot;29%&quot; valign=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt; 
                              &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Net.Net.Net.Node&lt;/font&gt;
                            &lt;/td&gt;
                            &lt;td width=&quot;8%&quot; valign=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt; 
                              &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;110&lt;/font&gt;
                            &lt;/td&gt;
                            &lt;td width=&quot;16%&quot; valign=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt; 
                              &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;192-223&lt;/font&gt;
                            &lt;/td&gt;
                            &lt;td width=&quot;34%&quot; valign=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt; 
                              &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;2M networks 254 nodes&lt;/font&gt;
                            &lt;/td&gt;
                          &lt;/tr&gt;
                        &lt;/table&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Subnetting Formulas&lt;/b&gt;: (count the 
                          bits only from the Node portion of the address. Therefore, 
                          for a Class B address, the total masked bits + unmasked 
                          bits = 16):&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Max # of Subnets: 2&lt;sup&gt;(masked bits)-&lt;/sup&gt;2&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Max # of Hosts (per subnet): 2&lt;sup&gt;(unmasked 
                          bits)&lt;/sup&gt;-2&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;IPX&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;To turn on:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;dir&gt;
                          &lt;dir&gt; &lt;font size=2&gt; &lt;/font&gt;
                            &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Courier&quot; size=&quot;2&quot; color=&quot;#ff0000&quot;&gt;ipx 
                              routing&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                          &lt;/dir&gt;
                        &lt;/dir&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Then, on interface:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;dir&gt;
                          &lt;dir&gt; 
                            &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;ipx network {#} encapsulation {sap, 
                              arpa, snap, hdlc, novell-ether} {sec}&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                            &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Courier&quot; size=&quot;2&quot; color=&quot;#ff0000&quot;&gt;ipx 
                              network 3100 encapsulation sap sec&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                          &lt;/dir&gt;
                        &lt;/dir&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;To monitor:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;dir&gt;
                          &lt;dir&gt; &lt;font size=2&gt; &lt;/font&gt;
                            &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Courier&quot; size=&quot;2&quot; color=&quot;#ff0000&quot;&gt;sh 
                              ipx traffic&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                            &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Courier&quot; size=&quot;2&quot; color=&quot;#ff0000&quot;&gt;sh 
                              ipx int e0&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                          &lt;/dir&gt;
                        &lt;/dir&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Frame Types:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;802.3 &#8211; novell-ether &#8211; default&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;802.2 &#8211; sap&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Ethernet_II &#8211; arpa&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Ethernet_snap &#8211; snap&lt;br&gt;
                          &lt;br&gt;
                          &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;LAN 
                          Switching&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;All nodes on an ethernet network can 
                          transmit at the same time, so the more nodes you have 
                          the greater the possibility of collisions happening, 
                          which can slow the network down.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;LAN Segmentation&lt;/b&gt;: breaking up 
                          the collision domains by decreasing the number of workstations 
                          per segment.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;FastEthernet&lt;/b&gt; (100bt) &#8211; provides 
                          10 times the bandwidth of older 10bastT Ethernet. Must 
                          have Cat5 cable, no longer than 100 meters, and FastEthernet 
                          NIC&#8217;s and Hubs/Switches&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Full-Duplex Ethernet&lt;/b&gt; &#8211; can provide 
                          double the bandwidth of traditional ethernet, but requires 
                          a single workstation on a single switch port, and NIC 
                          must support it. Collision free because there are separate 
                          send and receive wires, and only one workstation is 
                          on the segment. Half-Duplex must provide for collision 
                          detection, therefore can only use 50% of bandwidth available&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Bridges&lt;/b&gt; &#8211; examines MAC address, 
                          and forwards frames unless the address was local. Forwards 
                          to all other segments it is attached to. Forwards multicast 
                          packets, so broadcast storms can occur.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Routers&lt;/b&gt; &#8211; examines network address, 
                          and forwards using the best available route to destination 
                          network. Can have multiple active paths.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Switching&lt;/b&gt; &#8211; examines MAC address. 
                          Same as multiport bridge.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;dir&gt; 
                          &lt;dir&gt; 
                            &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Store-and-Forward&lt;/b&gt; &#8211; copies 
                              entire frame into buffer, checks for CRC errors. 
                              Higher latency. Used by Catalyst 5000 switches&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                            &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Cut-Through&lt;/b&gt; &#8211; reads only 
                              the destination address into buffer, and forwards 
                              immediately. Low latency&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                          &lt;/dir&gt;
                        &lt;/dir&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt; &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Spanning-Tree Protocol&lt;/b&gt; (STP) 
                          IEEE 802.1d. &#8211; developed to prevent routing loops. STA 
                          (Spanning-Tree Algorithm) is implemented by STP to calculate 
                          a loop-free network topology. In Catalyst 5000 network, 
                          BPDUs are send and received by all switches, and processed 
                          to determine the spanning-tree topology.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Virtual LAN&#8217;s&lt;/b&gt; &#8211; have different 
                          ports on a switch be parts of different subnetworks. 
                          Some benefits: Simplify moves, adds, changes. Reduce 
                          adminstrative costs, better control of broadcosts, tighten 
                          security, distribute load. Relocate server into secured 
                          locations.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot; face=&quot;Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;IOS 
                          / Routing / Network Security&lt;br&gt;
                          &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;ul&gt;
                          &lt;li&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Cisco IOS (operating system) is stored 
                            in flash memory (EEPROM)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
                          &lt;li&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;IOS configuration is stored in NVRAM&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
                        &lt;/ul&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;User Mode&lt;/b&gt; &#8211; ordinary tasks &#8211; 
                          checking status, etc. Need password depending on how 
                          you&#8217;re entering (Virtual Terminal pw for telnet session, 
                          Auxiliary pw for aux port, Console pw for console port)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Courier&quot; size=&quot;2&quot; color=&quot;#ff0000&quot;&gt;conf 
                          t&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Courier&quot; size=&quot;2&quot; color=&quot;#ff0000&quot;&gt; line 
                          vty 0 {line aux 0} {line con 0}&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Courier&quot; size=&quot;2&quot; color=&quot;#ff0000&quot;&gt; login&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Courier&quot; size=&quot;2&quot; color=&quot;#ff0000&quot;&gt; password 
                          letmein&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;font size=2 color=&quot;#ff0000&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=2&gt;&lt;b&gt;Privileged Mode&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=2&gt; 
                          &#8211; router configuration mode. Need enable password&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Courier&quot; size=&quot;2&quot; color=&quot;#ff0000&quot;&gt;conf 
                          t&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Courier&quot; size=&quot;2&quot; color=&quot;#ff0000&quot;&gt; enable 
                          password letmein&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Banner:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Courier&quot; size=&quot;2&quot; color=&quot;#ff0000&quot;&gt;conf 
                          t&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Courier&quot; size=&quot;2&quot; color=&quot;#ff0000&quot;&gt; banner 
                          motd #&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;font size=2 color=&quot;#ff0000&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Hostname:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Courier&quot; size=&quot;2&quot; color=&quot;#ff0000&quot;&gt;conf 
                          t&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Courier&quot; size=&quot;2&quot; color=&quot;#ff0000&quot;&gt; hostname 
                          MyRouter&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Editing&lt;/b&gt;:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; CTRL+A &#8211; beginning of line&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; CTRL+E &#8211; end of line&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=2&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Courier&quot; size=2 color=&quot;#ff0000&quot;&gt;show 
                          history&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; TAB completes command&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Help&lt;/b&gt;:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; Press ? after any command for a list 
                          of what comes next&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Router Elements/Configuration&lt;/b&gt;:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=2&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Courier&quot; size=2 color=&quot;#ff0000&quot;&gt;show 
                          startup-config&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=2 color=&quot;#ff0000&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=2&gt;&#8211; 
                          contents of NVRAM&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt; &lt;font size=2&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Courier&quot; size=2 color=&quot;#ff0000&quot;&gt;show 
                          running-config&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=2 color=&quot;#ff0000&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=2&gt;&#8211; 
                          contents of RAM&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt; &lt;font size=2&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Courier&quot; size=2 color=&quot;#ff0000&quot;&gt;copy 
                          running-conifg startup-config&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=2&gt; &#8211; 
                          commit changes to permanent memory&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=2 color=&quot;#ff0000&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Courier&quot; size=2 color=&quot;#ff0000&quot;&gt;erase 
                          startup-config&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=2 color=&quot;#ff0000&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Courier&quot; size=2 color=&quot;#ff0000&quot;&gt;setup&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=2&gt; 
                          &#8211; initiate automatic setup program (the one you get 
                          the first time you boot the router)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=2 color=&quot;#ff0000&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Courier&quot; size=2 color=&quot;#ff0000&quot;&gt;reload&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=2&gt; 
                          &#8211; reboot the router (will load the startup-config into 
                          running memory)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=2 color=&quot;#ff0000&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Courier&quot; size=2 color=&quot;#ff0000&quot;&gt;boot 
                          system {flash / tftp}&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=2&gt; &#8211; tftp boot 
                          commonly used to load a new copy of IOS&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=2 color=&quot;#ff0000&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Courier&quot; size=2 color=&quot;#ff0000&quot;&gt;copy 
                          flash tftp&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=2 color=&quot;#ff0000&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=2&gt;(backup 
                          IOS software to ftfp server) OR &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt; &lt;font size=2&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Courier&quot; size=2 color=&quot;#ff0000&quot;&gt;copy 
                          tftp flash&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Courier&quot; size=2&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=2&gt;(restore 
                          it)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=2 color=&quot;#ff0000&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Courier&quot; size=2 color=&quot;#ff0000&quot;&gt;copy 
                          run tftp&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=2 color=&quot;#ff0000&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=2&gt;(backup 
                          configuration to tftp server) OR &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt; &lt;font size=2 color=&quot;#ff0000&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Courier&quot; size=2 color=&quot;#ff0000&quot;&gt;copy 
                          tftp run&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=2&gt; (restore it)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt; &lt;font size=2&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Courier&quot; size=2 color=&quot;#ff0000&quot;&gt;show 
                          proc&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=2 color=&quot;#ff0000&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Courier&quot; size=2 color=&quot;#ff0000&quot;&gt;show 
                          mem&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=2 color=&quot;#ff0000&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Courier&quot; size=2 color=&quot;#ff0000&quot;&gt;show 
                          buff&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=2 color=&quot;#ff0000&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Courier&quot; size=2 color=&quot;#ff0000&quot;&gt;show 
                          flash&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=2 color=&quot;#ff0000&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Courier&quot; size=2 color=&quot;#ff0000&quot;&gt;show 
                          cdp&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=2&gt; (Cisco discovery protocol)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt; &lt;font size=2&gt;&lt;b&gt;Routing Protocols&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=2&gt;:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Interior&lt;/b&gt; (within an autonomous 
                          system &#8211; AS &#8211; group of routers under the same administrative 
                          authority)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;ul&gt;
                          &lt;li&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Distance Vector&lt;/b&gt; &#8211; understand 
                            the direction and distance to any network connection 
                            on the internetwork. Knows how many hops (the metric) 
                            to get there. All routers w/in the internetwork listen 
                            for messages from other routers, which are sent every 
                            30 to 90 seconds. They pass their entire routing tables. 
                            &lt;u&gt;Possible problems&lt;/u&gt;: Slow convergance, Routing 
                            Loops, Counting to Infinity (this is solved by maximum 
                            hop count) &lt;u&gt;Solutions&lt;/u&gt;: Split Horizon (cannot 
                            send information back in the direction it was received) 
                            Hold-Downs (prevent regular update messages from reinstating 
                            a route that&#8217;s gone down)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
                        &lt;/ul&gt;
                        &lt;dir&gt; 
                          &lt;dir&gt; 
                            &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;RIP&lt;/b&gt; &#8211; 15 hop count max &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                            &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;IGRP&lt;/b&gt; &#8211; 255 hop count max, 
                              uses reliability factor (255 optimal), and bandwidth&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                          &lt;/dir&gt;
                        &lt;/dir&gt;
                        &lt;ul&gt;
                          &lt;li&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Link State&lt;/b&gt; &#8211; Understands the 
                            entire network, and does not use secondhand information. 
                            Routers exchange LSP&#8217;s (hello packets). Each router 
                            builds a topographical view of the network, then uses 
                            SPF (shortest path first) algorithm to determine the 
                            best route. Changes in topology can be sent out immediately, 
                            so convergance can be quicker&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
                        &lt;/ul&gt;
                        &lt;dir&gt; 
                          &lt;dir&gt; 
                            &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;OSPF&lt;/b&gt; &#8211; decisions based on 
                              cost of route (metric limit of 65,535)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                            &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;EIGRP&lt;/b&gt; &#8211; hybrid protocol, 
                              Cisco proprietary&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                          &lt;/dir&gt;
                        &lt;/dir&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Exterior&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;ul&gt;
                          &lt;li&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;EGP (Exterior Gateway Protocol)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
                          &lt;li&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
                        &lt;/ul&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Manual Routing&lt;/b&gt;:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;ip route {destination network} {mask} 
                          {port, on remote side, to get there}&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Courier&quot; size=&quot;2&quot; color=&quot;#ff0000&quot;&gt;ip route 
                          172.16.10.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.40.1&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;font face=&quot;Courier&quot; size=2&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=2&gt;&lt;b&gt;Dynamic Routing&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=2&gt;:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Courier&quot; size=&quot;2&quot; color=&quot;#ff0000&quot;&gt;router 
                          rip&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Courier&quot; size=&quot;2&quot; color=&quot;#ff0000&quot;&gt; network 
                          172.16.0.0&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;font size=2 color=&quot;#ff0000&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Courier&quot; size=&quot;2&quot; color=&quot;#ff0000&quot;&gt;router 
                          igrp {autonomous system #}&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Courier&quot; size=&quot;2&quot; color=&quot;#ff0000&quot;&gt; network 
                          172.16.0.0&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt; &lt;font size=2&gt;To monitor, use &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Courier&quot; size=2 color=&quot;#ff0000&quot;&gt;sh 
                          ip route {rip / igrp}&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Network Security / Access Lists&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Standard IP access list:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;dir&gt;
                          &lt;dir&gt; 
                            &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;access-list {number} {permit / deny} 
                              {source address}&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                            &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Courier&quot; size=&quot;2&quot; color=&quot;#ff0000&quot;&gt;access-list 
                              10 permit 172.16.30.2&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                          &lt;/dir&gt;
                        &lt;/dir&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Extended IP access list:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;dir&gt;
                          &lt;dir&gt; 
                            &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;access-list {number} {permit / deny} 
                              {protocol} {source} {destination} {port}&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                            &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Courier&quot; size=&quot;2&quot; color=&quot;#ff0000&quot;&gt;access-list 
                              110 permit tcp host 172.16.50.2 host 172.16.10.2 
                              eq 8080&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                          &lt;/dir&gt;
                        &lt;/dir&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Wildcard masks &#8211; use masks to identify 
                          insignificant bits, eg&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Courier&quot; size=2&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Courier&quot; size=2 color=&quot;#ff0000&quot;&gt;access-list 
                          11 permit 172.16.30.0 0.0.0.255&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;(permits anybody with 172.16.30.x)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;note: you can use 0.0.0.0 as the 
                          mask to limit to that specific host, or perfix it with 
                          &#8216;host&#8217;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Applying the list to an interface (use 
                          access-group on the interface):&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;dir&gt;
                          &lt;dir&gt; &lt;font size=2&gt; &lt;/font&gt;
                            &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Courier&quot; size=&quot;2&quot; color=&quot;#ff0000&quot;&gt;int 
                              e0&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                            &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Courier&quot; size=&quot;2&quot; color=&quot;#ff0000&quot;&gt;ip 
                              access-group 110 out&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                          &lt;/dir&gt;
                        &lt;/dir&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;IPX Access lists:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;dir&gt;
                          &lt;dir&gt; 
                            &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Standard: access-list {number} {permit/deny} 
                              {source} {destination}&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                            &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Extended: access-list {number} {permit/deny} 
                              {protocol} {source} {socket} {destination} {socket}&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                            &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Courier&quot; size=&quot;2&quot; color=&quot;#ff0000&quot;&gt;access-list 
                              810 permit 30 10&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                            &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Courier&quot; size=&quot;2&quot; color=&quot;#ff0000&quot;&gt;int 
                              e0&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                            &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Courier&quot; size=&quot;2&quot; color=&quot;#ff0000&quot;&gt; 
                              ipx access-group 810 out&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                          &lt;/dir&gt;
                        &lt;/dir&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;IPX SAP Filters: &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;dir&gt;
                          &lt;dir&gt; 
                            &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;access-list {number} {permit/deny} 
                              {source} {service type}&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                            &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;To apply &#8211; on interface: ixp input-sap-filter 
                              {number}&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                            &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Courier&quot; size=&quot;2&quot; color=&quot;#ff0000&quot;&gt;access-list 
                              1010 permit 11.0000.0000.0001 0&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                            &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Courier&quot; size=&quot;2&quot; color=&quot;#ff0000&quot;&gt;int 
                              e0&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                            &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Courier&quot; size=&quot;2&quot; color=&quot;#ff0000&quot;&gt; 
                              ipx input-sap-filter 1010&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                          &lt;/dir&gt;
                        &lt;/dir&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Access list Numbers allowed:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;table border cellspacing=1 cellpadding=7 width=187&gt;
                          &lt;tr&gt;
                            &lt;td width=&quot;42%&quot; valign=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt; 
                              &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;1-99&lt;/font&gt;
                            &lt;/td&gt;
                            &lt;td width=&quot;58%&quot; valign=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt; 
                              &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;IP Standard&lt;/font&gt;
                            &lt;/td&gt;
                          &lt;/tr&gt;
                          &lt;tr&gt;
                            &lt;td width=&quot;42%&quot; valign=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt; 
                              &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;100-199&lt;/font&gt;
                            &lt;/td&gt;
                            &lt;td width=&quot;58%&quot; valign=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt; 
                              &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;IP Extended&lt;/font&gt;
                            &lt;/td&gt;
                          &lt;/tr&gt;
                          &lt;tr&gt;
                            &lt;td width=&quot;42%&quot; valign=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt; 
                              &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;800-899&lt;/font&gt;
                            &lt;/td&gt;
                            &lt;td width=&quot;58%&quot; valign=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt; 
                              &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;IPX Standard&lt;/font&gt;
                            &lt;/td&gt;
                          &lt;/tr&gt;
                          &lt;tr&gt;
                            &lt;td width=&quot;42%&quot; valign=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt; 
                              &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;900-999&lt;/font&gt;
                            &lt;/td&gt;
                            &lt;td width=&quot;58%&quot; valign=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt; 
                              &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;IPX Extended&lt;/font&gt;
                            &lt;/td&gt;
                          &lt;/tr&gt;
                          &lt;tr&gt;
                            &lt;td width=&quot;42%&quot; valign=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt; 
                              &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;1000-1099&lt;/font&gt;
                            &lt;/td&gt;
                            &lt;td width=&quot;58%&quot; valign=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt; 
                              &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;IPX SAP&lt;/font&gt;
                            &lt;/td&gt;
                          &lt;/tr&gt;
                        &lt;/table&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;To Monitor Access Lists:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;dir&gt;
                          &lt;dir&gt; &lt;font size=2&gt; &lt;/font&gt;
                            &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Courier&quot; size=&quot;2&quot; color=&quot;#ff0000&quot;&gt;Show 
                              access-list&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                            &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
                          &lt;/dir&gt;
                        &lt;/dir&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot; face=&quot;Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;WAN 
                          Protocols&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;SDLC &#8211; developed by IBM in 70&#8217;s &#8211; Data 
                          link layer protocol that transports SNA over WAN&#8217;s&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;HDLC &#8211; modified sdlc by ISO, &lt;i&gt;default 
                          on Cisco routers&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;X.25 &#8211; Sessions &#8211; DTE to DTE communication&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Full duplex, uses virtual circuits 
                          (PVC and SVC)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Protocol Suite maps to Physical 
                          through Network&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;PPP &#8211; runs on async (dial-up) or 
                          sync (ISDN) lines. Supports multi-protocols. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Uses PAP or CHAP authentication.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Courier&quot; size=&quot;2&quot; color=&quot;#ff0000&quot;&gt;Int s0, 
                          encapsulation PPP&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Frame Relay &#8211; shared bandwidth over 
                          public network. Virtual circuits are identified by &lt;b&gt;DLCI&lt;/b&gt;&#8217;s. 
                          &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;dir&gt;
                          &lt;dir&gt; 
                            &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;(Data Link Connection identifiers). 
                              &lt;b&gt;LMI&lt;/b&gt;, co-developed in 1990 by Cisco, provides 
                              message information about current DLCI values (global 
                              or local significance), and the status of virtual 
                              circutis. &lt;b&gt;Subinterfaces &lt;/b&gt;allow you to have 
                              multiple virtual circutis on a single serial interface. 
                              You must &lt;b&gt;map&lt;/b&gt; an IP device to the DLCI (using 
                              the frame-relay map command or the inverse-arp function)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                            &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Courier&quot; size=&quot;2&quot; color=&quot;#ff0000&quot;&gt;int 
                              s0&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                            &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Courier&quot; size=&quot;2&quot; color=&quot;#ff0000&quot;&gt; 
                              encapsulation frame-relay {ietf} &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                            &lt;p&gt; &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;note: if you don&#8217;s specify ietf, 
                              it uses cisco by default&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                            &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Courier&quot; size=&quot;2&quot; color=&quot;#ff0000&quot;&gt; 
                              frame-relay interface-dlci {#}&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                            &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Courier&quot; size=&quot;2&quot; color=&quot;#ff0000&quot;&gt; 
                              frame-relay lmi-type {cisco, ansi, q933a}&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                            &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;Subinterfaces&lt;/u&gt;:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                            &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Courier&quot; size=&quot;2&quot; color=&quot;#ff0000&quot;&gt;int 
                              s0.x {multipoint / point-to-point}&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                            &lt;p&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Mapping:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                            &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Courier&quot; size=&quot;2&quot; color=&quot;#ff0000&quot;&gt;int 
                              s0&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                            &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Courier&quot; size=&quot;2&quot; color=&quot;#ff0000&quot;&gt; 
                              inverse-arp &lt;i&gt;or&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                            &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Courier&quot; size=&quot;2&quot; color=&quot;#ff0000&quot;&gt; 
                              frame-relay map ip x.x.x.x #&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                            &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;Monitoring&lt;/u&gt;:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                            &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Courier&quot; size=&quot;2&quot; color=&quot;#ff0000&quot;&gt;show 
                              frame {pvc / ip / lmi / traffic / etc.}&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                          &lt;/dir&gt;
                        &lt;/dir&gt;
                        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;ISDN - digital service that runs 
                          over existing telephone networks&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                        &lt;dir&gt;
                          &lt;dir&gt; 
                            &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Normally used to support applications 
                              requiring high-speed voice, video, and data communications 
                              for home users, remote offices, etc.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                            &lt;p&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;ISDN Terminal equipment types:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                            &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;TE1 &#8211; understand ISDN standards&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                            &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;TE2 &#8211; predate ISDN standards, require 
                              a TA (terminal adaptor)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                            &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;Reference Points describe the 
                              point between&lt;/u&gt;:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                            &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;R &#8211; non-ISDN and TA&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                            &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;S &#8211; user terminals and NT2&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                            &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;T &#8211; NT1 and NT2 devices&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                            &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;U &#8211; NT1 and line termination&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                            &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;ISDN Protocols&lt;/u&gt;:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                            &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;E &#8211; on existing telephone network&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                            &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;I &#8211; concepts, terminology, and services&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                            &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Q &#8211; switching and signaling&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                            &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;ISDN BRI: 2 64K B channels, plus 
                              1 16K D channel&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                            &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;ISDN PRI: 23 64K B channels, plus 
                              1 64K D channel&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                            &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;Configuration example&lt;/u&gt;:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                            &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Courier&quot; size=&quot;2&quot; color=&quot;#ff0000&quot;&gt;config 
                              t&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                            &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Courier&quot; size=&quot;2&quot; color=&quot;#ff0000&quot;&gt;isdn 
                              switch-type basic-dms100&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                            &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Courier&quot; size=&quot;2&quot; color=&quot;#ff0000&quot;&gt;int 
                              bri0&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                            &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Courier&quot; size=&quot;2&quot; color=&quot;#ff0000&quot;&gt; 
                              encap ppp&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                            &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Courier&quot; size=&quot;2&quot; color=&quot;#ff0000&quot;&gt; 
                              isdn spid1 775154572&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                            &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Courier&quot; size=&quot;2&quot; color=&quot;#ff0000&quot;&gt; 
                              isdn spid2 455145664&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                          &lt;/dir&gt;
                        &lt;/dir&gt;
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                              &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;Special Thanks to &lt;a href=&quot;mailto:jwaters@iname.com&quot;&gt;Jason 
                                Waters&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;mailto:CRArd@stlife.byu.edu&quot;&gt;Christopher 
                                Ard&lt;/a&gt; for contributing material for this Cramsession.&lt;/p&gt;
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<HR><FONT SIZE=1 FACE="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><FONT COLOR=silver SIZE=3 FACE="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Erik Mortensen</FONT>
<BR>21. december 2025 &nbsp; 07:30:36
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